Manual Transmission: the Last Real Driving Thrill in a World Gone Automatic

It’s 2025, and if you listen to the echo chamber of automotive punditry, you might think the manual transmission is a relic—dead, buried, and mourned only by gearhead fossils. But the reality is far grittier, more nuanced, and, frankly, far more exhilarating. Manual transmission isn’t just alive; it’s fighting tooth and nail for its place in a world obsessed with automation, digital dashboards, and silent EVs. This article cuts through the myths, the nostalgia, and the noise to ask: why does the stick shift still matter? From tactile driving thrills to cultural wars and back-alley legends, get ready to unlearn what you thought you knew about manual transmission. If you crave a car buying experience that’s as real as driving a stick through a mountain pass—eyes wide, heart pounding—read on. You’ll discover why the “last real driving thrill” is not just a slogan, but a lifeline to authenticity in modern motoring.

Why manual transmission still matters in 2025

The myth of extinction: Is manual really dying?

Every year, headlines announce the “death” of the manual transmission, but the statistics tell a story that’s more complicated and a lot more interesting. In 2023, manual transmissions accounted for only about 1.7% of new vehicle sales in the United States, according to House Grail, 2024. That’s undeniably a niche, but here’s the twist: in 2024, that number is climbing, pushed over the 2% mark by a surge in young enthusiasts and performance car buyers. In gritty corners of the market, models like the Mazda Miata see a 70% manual take rate, while VW’s GLI grabs 38%. The Mini Cooper’s spike before discontinuation is a flare in the dark for stick shift devotees.

“Manuals are the last real driving thrill—a tactile, analog experience that connects you to the machine in a way automatics never could.”
— Alex Davies, Senior Automotive Journalist, Motor1, 2024

The decline in mainstream adoption is real, but so is the passionate subculture keeping stick shift alive. Car clubs, online forums, and social media have become sanctuaries for manual devotees, where stories of late-night drives and DIY repairs are shared like sacred texts. These aren’t just hobbyists—they’re evangelists, fighting back against the numbness of digital driving, one gear change at a time.

A hands-on connection: The psychology of shifting gears

There’s a reason even the latest AI-powered car-buying assistants acknowledge the enduring appeal of the manual transmission. Driving stick isn’t just about nostalgia; it’s about a full-body, sensory experience. Human factors research shows that manual shifting engages your sensory-motor skills, demanding attention, timing, and finesse. Each gear change is a micro-decision, a dance between clutch, hand, and engine note—a level of cognitive involvement that’s worlds away from tapping “D” on a digital shifter.

Compared to the clinical ease of automatics or the silent glide of EVs, the manual transmission demands respect. You’re not just a passenger to technology—you’re in charge, and the consequences of your actions are immediate and physical. This creates a satisfaction that’s hard to articulate but impossible to fake. It’s the thrill of mastery, the satisfaction of nailing a perfect downshift or pulling away cleanly on a hill.

Hidden benefits of manual transmission experts won't tell you:

• Direct mechanical control: No lag, no guessing—your input is what happens, instantly.
• Increased driver engagement: Studies show manual drivers are less likely to be distracted, as the act of shifting keeps both mind and body connected to the car.
• Cheaper maintenance: Fewer complex electronics. Lower risk of expensive transmission failures typical in automatics.
• Improved theft deterrence: Anecdotal (and some statistical) evidence shows thieves are often stumped by stick shifts.
• Greater fuel economy potential: In certain models, an attentive driver can outpace automatics for MPG.
• Lower upfront cost: In many cases, manual variants cost less out of the box.
• Performance tuning: Enthusiasts love the ease of modifying and repairing manuals compared to automatics.
• Sense of community: Owning a manual car opens doors to exclusive clubs, events, and a rich, passionate subculture.

Culture wars: Manual transmission across continents

The battle between manual and automatic transmissions is more than technical—it’s cultural. In Europe, the stick shift has long been king, prized for efficiency and cost in small city cars. In the United States, automatics swept the market post-1970, selling a dream of effortless cruising, especially in sprawling urban landscapes. In Asia and Latin America, manuals remain dominant in budget segments, seen as practical and robust for challenging road conditions.

Table 1: Timeline of manual transmission adoption by region based on [Original analysis based on GM Insights, 2024 and House Grail, 2024].

Shifting trends shape car culture in profound ways. In Germany, “Fahrvergnügen” (driving pleasure) is inseparable from the act of shifting. In the U.S., the manual is becoming a performance badge—a statement that you care about driving, not just getting from A to B. In developing markets, stick shifts are a pragmatic choice, but even here, the influx of affordable automatics is rewriting expectations.

Manual vs automatic: Facts, fiction, and the money talk

Performance and control: Who’s really in charge?

Let’s kill the cliché: automatics are not always “better” or “faster.” In high-performance applications, modern dual-clutch automatics outstrip even the best manual drivers for pure speed. Yet in real-world driving—on twisty roads or city streets—manuals return the favor with unrivaled feedback and control.

“I choose manual every time for the raw, direct feel. When you’re rallying or on the track, you’re part of the machine. It’s not about outright speed—it’s about control.”
— Jordan Smith, Rally Driver, TopSpeed, 2024

Edge cases matter too. In off-roading, manuals allow precise torque control at low RPMs. In gridlocked city traffic, automatics undeniably shine for comfort. But ask a Mustang GT or Porsche 911 S/T owner what they’d rather drive on a Sunday, and you’ll get a very different answer.

Table 2: Performance comparison by transmission type.
Source: Original analysis based on Motor1, 2024 and TFLcar, 2025.

Cost of ownership: What the dealers don’t advertise

Manual transmission cars are often cheaper to buy upfront, with fewer parts and less complexity. Insurance rates can also be lower, as manuals are statistically involved in fewer accidents (possibly due to more attentive drivers). On repairs, manuals dodge the costly transmission failures that plague complex automatics. But there’s a catch: as manuals become rarer, finding qualified mechanics or replacement parts can lead to higher costs down the road.

Resale value is a toss-up. Rarity drives up prices for collector models or performance cars, but mainstream vehicles with stick shifts may depreciate faster if demand is low in your market.

Table 3: Total cost of ownership (5 years) for manual vs automatic.
Source: Original analysis based on GM Insights, 2024 and verified market data.

For those who want to save money and own the driving experience, manual remains a contender—but watch for hidden risks and potential savings in less obvious corners.

Manual cars as anti-theft devices: Truth or urban legend?

The legend goes like this: thieves skip manual cars because they can’t drive stick. It sounds like urban folklore, but there’s a grain of truth inside. According to recent insurance data, theft rates for manual cars are marginally lower—less than 3% of stolen vehicles in 2023 were stick shifts, compared to the overall market share of automatics. However, this also reflects the fact that manuals are simply rarer.

“In our garage, we’ve seen more than one car theft attempt foiled when a would-be thief couldn’t figure out the clutch. It’s not a guarantee, but it’s one more layer of deterrence.”
— Casey Miller, ASE-Certified Mechanic, CarBuzz, 2025

In sum, the anti-theft advantage is real but overstated. It’s a perk, not a panacea—good locks and common sense are still your best defense.

Learning to drive manual: Barriers, breakthroughs, and how-tos

The learning curve: Is it really that hard?

If you’ve heard that learning stick is a Herculean feat, it’s time to reboot your expectations. Most drivers can reach basic competence in a weekend with focused practice. The hurdle is psychological—fear of stalling, embarrassment, or damaging the car—not technical. With patience and the right steps, anyone can master the art.

Step-by-step guide to mastering manual transmission:

1. Understand the basics: Learn what the clutch, shifter, and pedals do before even starting the engine.
2. Find a safe space: An empty parking lot is ideal for initial practice (see below).
3. Start the car in neutral: Press the clutch all the way down, and shift to neutral before starting.
4. Master the clutch feel: Slowly release the clutch pedal without giving it gas to find the engagement point.
5. Combine throttle and clutch: Add gentle gas as you release the clutch to move the car smoothly.
6. Shift to second gear: Accelerate, press the clutch, shift to second, and release the clutch slowly.
7. Practice stopping: Press clutch and brake together, shift to neutral at a stop.
8. Reverse and parking: Try reverse gear and controlled parking maneuvers.
9. Hill starts: Use the handbrake method to prevent rolling back.
10. Refine coordination: Build muscle memory through repetition and patience.

Common beginner mistakes include riding the clutch, over-revving, and panicking when stalled. With mindfulness and practice, these fade quickly.

Adult learners vs. new drivers: Stories from the road

Case studies reveal that adults often feel more anxiety—fear of looking foolish or damaging a car—than younger drivers. Yet, they also bring patience and focus, leading to faster mastery. In contrast, teens may struggle with multitasking but adapt quickly to the rhythm of shifting.

In urban environments, the pressure comes from impatient drivers and stop-and-go traffic. Rural learners, meanwhile, have space to make mistakes and develop confidence. Both face unique challenges but ultimately arrive at the same destination: freedom behind the wheel.

“I was terrified to learn manual at 42, but after a few embarrassing stalls and some encouragement, I can’t imagine driving anything else. It’s become a point of pride—and fun.”
— Jordan, New Manual Driver, User Testimonial

Troubleshooting and pro tips for new manual drivers

Learning manual isn’t just about shifting gears; it’s about troubleshooting on the fly. Stalling at a light? No big deal—restart calmly, clutch in. Grinding gears? Slow down your shifts and make sure the clutch is fully engaged. Hill starts? Use the handbrake for backup until you’re confident.

Red flags to watch out for when learning manual:

• Persistent clutch burning smell: Indicates riding the clutch—let it out fully when moving.
• Frequent stalling: Usually from releasing clutch too quickly or not enough gas.
• Gear grinding: May signal incomplete clutch depression; slow down and shift smoothly.
• Difficulty finding reverse: Some cars require pressing down or pulling up on the shifter.
• Unusual noises on downshifts: Rev-match to avoid shock loads.
• Car rolling back on hills: Practice handbrake starts.
• Fatigue in left leg: Build endurance gradually; poor seating position can contribute.

A quick-reference checklist: always start in neutral, practice smooth clutch release, stay calm if you stall, and gradually increase complexity—parking, hills, traffic—over time.

Manual transmission in the real world: Stories, stats, and surprises

The used market: Hidden gems and horror stories

Buying a used manual car can be a treasure hunt—or a nightmare. Manuals often hide in plain sight, undervalued by mainstream buyers but beloved by enthusiasts. The upside? Lower prices for mainstream models, sky-high premiums for performance icons like the Honda S2000, Miata, and Porsche 911.

But the risks are real: worn clutches, abused gearboxes, and hidden faults can turn a bargain into a money pit. Always check service history, test for smooth clutch engagement, and watch for telltale signs of abuse.

Table 4: Recent used manual car prices vs automatics, 2022-2025.
Source: Original analysis based on TFLcar, 2025.

Tip: To avoid scams, always insist on a thorough pre-purchase inspection and buy from reputable sources.

Maintenance myths: What really breaks, what actually lasts

Manual transmissions are famously robust, but myths persist. Clutches don’t “just go bad”—they wear depending on driving style. Synchros (which help gears mesh) can fail after years of abuse. Shifter linkages can loosen, but are simple to fix compared to automatic nightmares.

Manual transmission troubleshooting priority checklist:

1. Check clutch for slippage (engine revs rise, speed does not).
2. Test for gear engagement—should be smooth and click into place.
3. Listen for grinding on shifts (may indicate synchro wear).
4. Look for fluid leaks under the car.
5. Inspect for play or looseness in shifter.
6. Check for burning smell after driving (overheating clutch).
7. Monitor for vibrations or noises in specific gears.
8. Schedule regular gear oil changes (every 30,000-60,000 miles).

“Manuals last because they’re simple. Abuse and neglect kill them, not design flaws. If you drive smart and change the oil, they’ll outlast the car.”
— Alex Kim, Master Mechanic, House Grail, 2024

Manuals in modern traffic: Still practical, or just a pain?

The toughest critics of manual transmission are city dwellers. Stop-and-go traffic turns shifting into a chore and clutch fatigue is real. Yet, many manual drivers adapt: learning to anticipate lights, leave more space, and use neutral at stops to rest their leg.

In contrast, rural roads and spirited drives reward manual mastery. Open highways, back roads, and twisty passes are where stick shift earns its stripes—every gear change becomes a small victory, an assertion of control in a world that wants you passive.

Practical tips: Adjust your seat for optimal clutch action, use the handbrake as needed, and develop a “zen” attitude toward congestion.

Manual transmission and the future: EVs, AI, and cultural shifts

Electric vehicles and the death of the stick shift: Inevitable?

Why don’t EVs have manual transmissions? The answer is mechanical—electric motors deliver instant torque, rendering traditional gearboxes mostly obsolete. Some automakers, chasing nostalgia, are experimenting with simulated manual modes and artificial engine sounds, but for purists, it’s not the same.

Yet, the emotional reaction among enthusiasts is intense. Some dismiss simulated manuals as gimmicks; others see them as gateways for new generations raised on digital driving.

AI, automation, and the rebellious appeal of manual

Automation is swallowing driving as surely as it’s eating jobs—AI-powered safety, lane keep assist, adaptive cruise control. Against this backdrop, the manual transmission has become a badge of rebellion and authenticity. It’s a way to resist the tide of passivity, to assert your agency in a world that increasingly wants to drive for you.

Culturally, the manual is a lightning rod: some see it as an unnecessary relic, others as a treasured skill. Psychologically, driving stick builds confidence, focus, and a sense of accomplishment often missing from modern life.

Unconventional uses for manual transmission:

• Teaching mechanics: Learning stick reveals how cars actually work—cause and effect in real time.
• Team building: Corporate escape rooms have used stick shifts for stress management exercises.
• Theater and film props: Authentic driving scenes require real manual cars and actors who can drive them.
• Driver therapy: Manual driving is used to help those overcoming anxiety or PTSD through mindful focus.
• Rally sport: Entry-level motorsport still relies on affordable manual cars for grassroots competition.
• Emergency driving skills: Knowing stick can get you out of a jam if you need to drive an unfamiliar car.

Will the manual comeback stick? Trends to watch

Current data suggests a modest but real rebound in manual transmission interest. The global manual market is projected to grow at 4.3% CAGR between 2025 and 2034, mainly in developing regions and niche enthusiast segments. More than 34 new car models in the U.S. still offer manuals, and performance brands are doubling down on the thrill.

Table 5: Manual transmission market share projections, 2025–2030.
Source: Original analysis based on GM Insights, 2024 and automotive industry data.

“Manual isn’t coming back for everyone, but it’s not going extinct, either. It’s evolving—a symbol for those who want driving to mean something. The thrill is real, and so is the community.”
— Casey Miller, Auto Industry Analyst, CarBuzz, 2025

Technical deep dive: How manual transmissions really work

Inside the box: Gears, clutches, and synchros explained

Manual transmissions may look mysterious, but their logic is pure mechanical poetry. The key components are:

Clutch
: Engages and disengages the engine from the gearbox, allowing smooth gear changes by temporarily disconnecting power.

Synchro (Synchromesh)
: Synchronizes the speed of the gears before engagement, preventing grinding and ensuring smooth shifts.

Gear Set
: Different sized gears that control torque and speed delivered to the wheels.

Shifter Linkage
: The mechanical connection between the shift lever and the gear selectors inside the transmission.

Rev-Matching
: A driving technique where engine speed is matched to wheel speed for smoother downshifts.

Manual transmissions use a set of gears connected to the engine via the clutch. When you shift, you physically move the selector forks, engaging different gear pairs. Synchros help those gears match speeds to avoid grinding. It’s an elegant, robust system—one that turns every commute into a hands-on engineering lesson.

Advanced techniques: Double-clutching, heel-toe, and more

Double-clutching is a relic from older gearboxes without synchros, but still relevant for performance driving. Here’s how it works: when downshifting, you press the clutch twice—once to shift to neutral, again to engage the lower gear—while blipping the throttle to match revs. This reduces wear and ensures a buttery-smooth transition.

Heel-toe shifting is a favorite of racers. As you brake with your toes, you use your heel (or side of the foot) to blip the throttle, matching revs on downshifts without losing braking force.

How to practice advanced manual transmission techniques:

1. Master smooth shifts before attempting advanced moves.
2. Practice double-clutching at low speeds with gentle throttle.
3. Learn to “blip” the throttle for rev-matching (listen for a smooth, seamless downshift).
4. Try heel-toe in an empty lot—practice rolling your foot between brake and throttle.
5. Combine heel-toe with double-clutching for maximal control.
6. Gradually increase speed and complexity as your confidence grows.
7. Use advanced techniques on track days or spirited drives—not daily commutes.

Advanced skills extend clutch life, improve lap times, and turn driving into an art form.

Common failures and how to avoid them

Manual transmission failures are rare but can be catastrophic if ignored. The most common points of failure are worn clutches (from poor technique or age), damaged synchros (from aggressive shifting), and broken shifter linkages (often from forced gear changes).

Warning signs include difficulty engaging gears, grinding noises, clutch slippage, and visible leaks. Preventive maintenance is simple: change gear oil at recommended intervals, don’t rest your hand on the shifter (it can wear out bushings), and address vibration or unusual noises early.

Repairs vary—clutch replacements can run $700–$1,500, synchro rebuilds are pricier. Still, compared to modern automatics, the manual’s simplicity keeps costs lower in the long run.

Manual transmission myths and misconceptions—debunked

Does manual really save gas? The real numbers

Old wisdom says manuals are more fuel-efficient, but in 2025, the truth is nuanced. Modern automatics, especially CVTs and dual-clutch systems, often beat manuals in EPA ratings due to their ability to keep engines in optimal power bands. However, an attentive manual driver can still squeeze out better mileage by shifting early, coasting in neutral, and avoiding aggressive driving.

Table 6: Fuel efficiency comparison by model and year.
Source: Original analysis based on Motor1, 2024 and verified EPA data.

“In real-world driving, the difference is minimal. Manuals give you more control, but automatics have gotten shockingly efficient. The best driver wins, not the transmission.”
— Jordan Lee, Auto Reviewer, TopSpeed, 2024

Manual cars are cheaper to maintain—fact or fiction?

Manuals have fewer parts and less complexity, making them cheaper to maintain in principle. Clutch replacements are inevitable but predictable. Major automatic failures, however, can cost thousands more to fix due to integrated electronics and sealed units. Routine maintenance—like changing gear oil and adjusting linkages—is straightforward on manuals.

Case examples: a clutch job averages $950, but a failed automatic transmission can run $3,500–$6,500. Still, costs add up if you neglect basics like clutch engagement or ignore minor issues.

Costs people forget when owning a manual:

• Clutch replacement every 50–100k miles, depending on driving style
• Potential flywheel resurfacing or replacement with clutch jobs
• Gear oil changes (often overlooked, but critical for longevity)
• Occasional shifter linkage bushings or cables
• Higher learning curve for drivers in multi-user households

When weighed against the price of automatic repairs, manual still wins for many—but only if you drive smart.

Manuals are only for 'car guys'—the gender and age myth

Stereotypes paint manual transmission fans as young men in their twenties, but demographic data paints a richer picture. Women, older drivers, and newcomers are embracing stick shift for all the same reasons: empowerment, engagement, and a sense of mastery.

Stories abound of parents teaching daughters to drive manual, or retirees reliving their youth behind the wheel of a stick. Accessibility is growing, with inclusive communities online and local clubs welcoming everyone willing to learn.

How to buy, sell, and survive with a manual in 2025

Buying a manual: The new checklist for smart shoppers

Finding a manual car, new or used, is more challenging but far from impossible. Use advanced search filters at dealerships and online marketplaces. Don’t just look for “manual”—search known models and trims. Always test drive, and check the clutch for smooth engagement.

Manual transmission buying checklist:

1. Identify models and years offering manual options.
2. Use dealership and online search filters for “manual” listings.
3. Confirm transmission type in listing photos and VIN details.
4. Schedule an in-person test drive.
5. Check clutch bite point and pedal feel.
6. Listen for odd noises during gear changes.
7. Review maintenance history, focusing on clutch and gearbox work.
8. Insist on pre-purchase inspection by a specialist.
9. Negotiate price based on condition and rarity.

Red flags include a high clutch bite point, grinding gears, mismatched service records, and sellers who discourage inspections.

Selling or trading in your manual: What to expect

The resale market for manuals is split—mainstream models often fetch less, but performance and classic cars can command a premium. To maximize value, highlight condition, service history, and the unique appeal of manual driving in your listing. Target buyer groups include enthusiasts, collectors, and young drivers seeking learning opportunities.

Private party
: Selling directly to another person. Typically yields higher prices but more effort and risk.

Certified pre-owned
: Cars sold through dealerships with warranties. Rare for older manuals, but possible for newer models.

Trade-in
: Selling to a dealer, usually for less money but more convenience.

Consignment
: Dealership sells your car for you, taking a cut but handling logistics.

Knowing your buyer and pricing accordingly is key to a quick, profitable sale.

Living with a manual: Daily life, hacks, and survival stories

Anecdotes from manual drivers pepper online forums: the satisfaction of nailing a hill start in rush hour, the camaraderie of a thumbs-up from a fellow stick shift pilot, the odd looks from friends who “can’t believe you still drive one.” Living with a manual in all weather and traffic takes adaptation, but yields rewards in engagement and pride.

Manual transmission life hacks:

• Keep shoes with thin soles for better pedal feel.
• Rest your leg at stops by shifting to neutral.
• Use the handbrake for smooth hill starts.
• Warm up the gearbox with gentle shifts after a cold start.
• Carry spare clutch fluid for emergencies.
• Join local manual car clubs for support and events.
• Bookmark futurecar.ai for up-to-date buying advice and feature comparisons.

Adapting to stick shift in rain, snow, or urban chaos isn’t always easy, but the confidence and connection pay off.

Manual transmission and pop culture: From movies to memes

Stick shift on screen: Iconic moments in film and TV

Few icons are as enduring as the movie hero slamming through gears in a high-speed chase. From Steve McQueen’s “Bullitt” to the “Fast & Furious” franchise, manual shifters are Hollywood shorthand for rebellion, skill, and cool under pressure. These scenes shape perceptions—making stick shift look thrilling, even if the technical accuracy is dubious.

Memes, nostalgia, and the online manual movement

Manual transmission memes are everywhere—“Millennial anti-theft device,” “Nobody can drive my car,” and endless jokes about teaching friends to drive stick. Online communities like Reddit’s r/cars and Instagram pages keep nostalgia burning, trading stories and tips.

Viral content ranges from dashcam fails to perfect rev-matched downshifts, fueling the digital revival of stick shift culture.

Most shared manual transmission memes:

• “Millennial anti-theft device” with a photo of a manual shifter
• “Teach your kids stick so they can drive anything”
• “You stall once, you’re a student; stall twice, you’re learning; stall three times, you’re a pro”
• “Nobody can steal my car—can you?”
• “Automatic drivers will never understand”

From video games to racing: Manual in digital culture

Sim racing and video games like Gran Turismo and Forza Motorsport keep manual skills alive, simulating clutch and shifter action with force-feedback controllers. While the difference from real driving is palpable, many gamers develop genuine muscle memory and technique. Esports and online communities foster a new generation of stick shift fans, many of whom transition to real cars with surprising ease.

The bottom line: Should you go manual in 2025?

Weighing the pros and cons: Who should (and shouldn’t) choose manual?

Manual transmission isn’t for everyone, but its benefits are undeniable for certain driver profiles. Daily commuters facing endless traffic may prefer automatics, but rural drivers, enthusiasts, and learners gain skills and satisfaction automatics can’t match.

Who manual transmission is perfect for:

• Driving enthusiasts seeking maximum engagement
• Learners who want a strong foundation in car control
• Budget-conscious buyers looking for lower maintenance
• Collectors and classic car fans
• Drivers in regions with lower-cost repair networks
• Anyone craving a sense of ownership over their driving experience

Real-life examples: A college student buys a used Miata to learn driving basics; a retiree restores a classic BMW; a rally amateur joins a local motorsport event—each finds value unique to manual.

Expert predictions: The future of manual transmission

Analysts agree: manual will never again dominate, but it will never truly die. Its future lies in niches—performance, cost-conscious markets, and culture. The story is not extinction, but evolution.

“Manuals have shifted from mainstream to cult classic, but that’s where their strength lies. The thrill isn’t going anywhere—it’s just becoming more exclusive.”
— Casey Miller, Auto Industry Insider, CarBuzz, 2025

Manual transmission connects us to the roots of motoring: skill, control, community, and rebellion against a world that wants us to let go of the wheel.

Conclusion: The last real driving thrill?

As the world races toward automation, the manual transmission stands as a defiant outlier—a living artifact of connection, skill, and joy. Whether you’re a die-hard enthusiast or a curious newcomer, driving stick offers a kind of satisfaction no screen or algorithm can replicate. In a landscape of sameness, it’s the last real driving thrill—challenging, rewarding, and deeply, stubbornly human. So grab that shifter, hit the open road, or just join the debate—because the story of manual transmission is far from over.